Below are the Major Elements which are involved in the “Basic” Uranium Fission Reaction that is the energy source in the Atomic Bomb and the Nuclear Power Plants. Beginning with Uranium and Ending with Plutonium, these are the radioactive elements/ Then there are two other elements, Krypton (an inert gas) as well as barium (a rare earth metal) both of which are by-products of the fission reaction of Uranium.
Uranium has three major Isotopes that come into play in Nuclear Fission chain reactions. These are:
92U146 = Uranium 238
92U143 = Uranium 235
92U142 = Uranium 234
===============================================================
Neptunium and its Isotopes
=================================
Isotope Half Life
Np-235 1.08 years
Np-236 155000.0 years
Np-236m 22.5 hours
Np-237 2140000.0 years
Np-238 2.11 days
Np-239 2.35 days
Np-240 1.03 hours
Np-240m 7.22 minutes
===============================================================
Plutonium and its Isotopes
==================================
Isotope Half Life
Pu-236 2.87 years
Pu-237 45.2 days
Pu-238 87.7 years
Pu-239 24100.0 years
Pu-240 6560.0 years
Pu-241 14.4 years
Pu-242 375000.0 years
Pu-243 4.95 hours
Pu-244 8.0E7 years
Pu-245 10.5 hours
Pu-246 10.85 days===============================================================
Krypton36KR84
Barium56Ba136 ************************************************************************0N1 = Thermal Neutron (used as the “Magic Bullet” to start reaction)
Mev = Million electron Volts = equals the energy stored in one Million electrons
===============================================================
With the elements listed above, a simple and basic uranium fission reaction can be illustrated. It is important to know, that one of the by-products of this fission cycle is Plutonium-240, which can also be used as a nuclear fuel for a fission cycle (both controlled for energy production, as well as uncontrolled [runaway] as in the atomic bomb). In fact the Plutonium Fission Cycle is a much more efficient method of initiating a cycle, when compared to the Uranium Fission Cycle. However, because Plutonium is a rare element as well as an artificially induced one (meaning that it is a instable element beyond the normally occurring 92 elements) getting enough of it is difficult. However, the good news is that Plutonium is a natural by-product of the Uranium-238 fission reaction. It is for this reason that nuclear power plants (or weapons) must first run through one pr more Uranium Cycles, before enough Plutonium is available to initiate a Plutonium Cycle
.(The information here which is in bold style will be repeated word for word when the Plutonium Cycle is described as well as when the reasoning for separating Iran’s ambition from Nuclear Weapons construction is discussed, for clarity of the dialogue).
With the information provided so far we can now get to the scientific proofs and the explanations of the real reasons as to why the United States is concerned about Iran’s nuclear ambitions:
Your basic Uranium-235 Chain Reaction
:92U143 + 0N1 --> 36KR84 + 56Ba136 + 15 0N1 + 919 Mev (In Gamma Ray Energy)
Here we have one Uranium 235 Nucleus being penetrated by a Thermal Neutron, which makes the nucleus unstable and after a millisecond this instability causes the U-235 nucleus to split (Fiss) into two lighter Nuclei (Barium-136 and Krypton 84), Plus 15 other Thermal Nuclei. Adding these up amounts to exactly 235 nuclei (protons and neutrons combined which make up the mass of all elemental nuclei), and thus our equation is balanced. However, if both sides are measured on an Atomic Scale it will be found that the combination of nuclei on the right side of the equation together are a slight amount less than the original Uranium 235 nuclei from which they started on the left side of the equation.This slight difference is made up by the 919 Mevs of energy that is given out as part of the process, in accordance with Einstein’s equation E = MC2 (Energy = the Mass of the object traveling at the speed of light per second, every second [or being accelerated at the speed of light])
This simple Nuclear Reaction is just one of the many different combinations of reactions that occur during the U-235 Nuclear Fission Process. In fact, any combination of the Mid-level elements (so long as when their positive values are added, sums up to 92 for conservation of charge Type [ – or + ]) can, and are formed during the initial Fission process.
Once this initial Atom of Uranium-235 is ignited (Fission; orSplit
This simple Nuclear Reaction is just one of the many different combinations of reactions that occur during the U-235 Nuclear Fission Process. In fact, any combination of the Mid-level elements (so long as when their positive values are added, sums up to 92 for conservation of charge Type [ – or + ]) can, and are formed during the initial Fission process.
Once this initial Atom of Uranium-235 is ignited (Fission; or
And voila we have a nuclear chain reaction. Yes, it is this simple folks, contrary to what the government wants you to believe. It does not take a rocket scientist to figure out this process.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The important (most important) part which determines whether this reaction is a controlled reaction as in a nuclear power plant or a runaway reaction as in a nuclear weapon is described below. It is based on one simple (very simple, indeed) process: Control Rods.
Obviously in an atomic weapon one does not worry about it being a runaway, and, in fact, that is exactly what is needed. It is in the power plant that one must control this reaction from running away so that it can be useful. Furthermore, it is during this controlled cycle during which that magical other element [Plutonium] is produced, which as I stated above is a much better nuclear fuel for an Atomic Bomb than its U-235 counterpart.
Thus, in a nuclear device not much explanation is needed once one understands the nuclear chain reaction which can be induced in U-235 as well as U-238 and Plutonium-240 (in fact it can be induced in any radioactive element if one takes the time to figure out the proper parameters and energy requirements for the necessary “Magic Bullet” [The Thermal Neutron, or any other atomic or subatomic particle which can be controlled in its energy levels]). Each of these reactions will, of course, have their own specific equations and by-products.
In order to set off a Nuclear (Not a Thermonuclear [Fusion]) bomb, all one has to do is to achieve the initial single Fission, in a certain amount of U-235, or PU-240 known as “Critical Mass” (which is different for each element), and then allow it to progress uncontrollably. This will result in a very quick expansion of the Fission reactions to the entire mass of the radioactive substance, thus releasing Trillions of electron volts of energy, almost instantaneously, and this is the famous flash that is observed when the Atomic Bomb goes off.
[As to how this Critical Mass is measured and obtained, and how the device is triggered through its “magic Bullet introduction and containment of the Fission, the subject matter Is beyond the scope of this article and is not necessary in our final explanation. As such it will be left out.].
For those interested, they can consult me through an email via my blog and I will provide you with such information. And, by the way, you do not need a degree in nuclear and atomic physics to understand it, since I explain it in layman’s terms.
Having briefly explained the Uncontrolled Chain Reaction which is the basis of the Atomic (Not Hydrogen) Bomb, I now turn to the explanation of how a Nuclear Power Plant Operates. Through this explanation I will show why,
===============================================================
How a Nuclear Power Plant Operates
From the Above explanation of Chain Reactions and how an uncontained Chain Reaction takes place we already know the mechanics of this process. The [Basic] nuclear power plant operates using the same exact process except that the chain reaction is closely controlled and contained through the use of CONTROL RODS. This is the [only difference.
Control rods are simply long rods of a Neutron Absorbing metal alloy.
The Alloy is usually both a Mixture of the elements Cadmium and Beryllium, or most often made of the pure form of these two elements separately.
These rods are then intermixed at key locations within the Uranium-235/Uranium238 rods, and by absorbing excess neutrons slow down the chain reaction process and as such bring it under containment where instead of running out of control into an explosion like the atomic weapon, it runs on a controlled basis and can be used as a source of heat to boil water to steam which is then used in a steam engine to produce electricity.
And that is it. No big secret, that is all there is to an atomic pile (reactor).
Aside from this difference, there is a second one that occurs in a Nuclear Power Plant which does so very rarely in the Atomic weapon.
This is concerned with the by-product natural elements that are created in the aftermath of the reactions in both the Atomic Weapon as well as in the Atomic Pile (power plant). (From this point forward the Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant will be known as the Nuclear (Atomic) Pile, for ease of my writing as well as for the reader’s understanding and comfort).
As stated before, aside from the Barium/Krypton pair, there are other pairs that are created during a nuclear fission reaction. The only requirement for any such pair is that after the reaction the Atomic Number (weight) of the two combined must equal to the Atomic Number (weight) of Uranium which is 92. Thus the pairs Cs – 55 (Cesium) / Rb – 37 (Rubidium), as well as Au – 79 (Aurium; Gold) / Al – 13 (Aluminum) are valid as well as any others that you the reader can calculate using a copy of “The Periodic Table of the Elements.” (For convenience I have included a copy of this Table located at this website: http://www.ptable.com/ .
However, there is yet another major difference in these by-product formations [and it is this difference that will be the focus of the main theme of this paper, which sets out to scientifically prove that the US claims of Iran’s Nukes are a hoax and that the US government and those who control it have a totally different agenda which has nothing whatsoever to do with any type of Atomic Weapons, or any other type of WMDs]. Once again, because of the importance of this specific topic, these sentences as well as the explanation below describing the formation of Plutonium may be repeated when deemed necessary (if it is ever) for the ease and comfort of the audience.
Essentially, what happens during the controlled type of Fission, which is the power source within the Atomic Pile, is that elements heavier than Uranium, which are termed non-natural (artificially induced), are created. These Heavy elements do exist in nature, since in nature uranium does decay according to the length of its specific half-life based on the particular isotope in which it occurs. These term, such as half-life, isotope, decay, and such are common knowledge in today’s high-tech world, so I will not take time to describe them. However, for those who are not familiar with them, I suggest finding a site on the internet with a scientific dictionary, and for ease of access I will provide one at the end of this section as well as at this point (and the scientific dictionary website is, at: < http://www.einstein-online.info/ >).
Plutonium is formed when a Uranium 238 (U-238) nucleus captures an electron, which is part of an electron pool that are abundant in a Nuclear Chain Reaction environment, in a process known as Beta-capture. This capture of electrons occurs twice. After the first capture the newly created nucleus is now a highly unstable Neptunium 239 (93Np239) and immediately afterwards it captures the second electron and becomes the highly radio-active (though relatively stable) Plutonium 239 (94Pu239) nucleus. Then, the nucleus captures its measure of electrons it needs in its outer orbits and we now have an atom of Plutonium 239. When we get enough of these Plutonium atoms together we end up with a mass of a very shiny, low chemically corrosive metal. This is known as the Transuranic (from Uranium) metal Plutonium.
And this is the simple process by which the famous Plutonium element, that has been the topic of much political controversy as well as the subject of many funny Looney Tunes cartoons, comes into creation.
And the respective formulas for these two reactions are as follows:
0N1 + 92U238 à 92U238 à 93Np239 + e – + (Gamma Ray energy)
93Np239 à 94Pu239 + + e – + (Gamma Ray energy)
At times, aside from capturing two electrons, the Plutonium Atom also captures two extra Neutrons and becomes as such a Plutonium – 241 (94Pu241) atom. And this elusive little Atom is the small entity that is behind my entire scientific find and explanation in this article. For, Plutonium – 241 (94Pu241), is a Highly Fissile (capable of being split; capable of nuclear fission) element just like its radioactive cousin Uranium- 235. In fact, it is a scientific Fact, as proven over and over again in the construction and test-detonation of several nuclear weapons, that Plutonium – 241 has a much higher affinity to undergo fission than Uranium- 235. Thus, the Uranium – 235 based Atomic Weapon is a crude weapon as compared to the Plutonium – 241 Weapon. Moreover, the electronic gadgetry that is required to start the entire nuclear chain reaction in the Plutonium Cycle is much easier to configure, engineer, and develop than that which is required when working with Uranium – 235.
But the best news of all is that as has been described above, Plutonium – 241 is a by-product of any and all Nuclear Power Plants. As described earlier we had:
((((([and it is this difference that will be the focus of the main theme of this paper, which sets out to scientifically prove that the US claims of Iran’s Nukes are a hoax and that the US government and those who control it have a totally different agenda which has nothing whatsoever to do with any type of Atomic Weapons, or any other type of WMDs]. Once again, because of the importance of this specific topic, these sentences as well as the explanation below describing the formation of Plutonium may be repeated when deemed necessary (if it is ever) for the ease and comfort of the audience.)))))
Furthermore, Because Plutonium – 241 is formed in abundance as part of the normal operation of any Atomic Pile, it comes available much, much easier than Uranium – 235, which must be procured from a lengthy process which required numerous steps, including the much talked about final stage of Centrifuging which the US
And … it is here, when these two elements, Uranium – 235 and Plutonium – 241, are taken into account that the propagandist stories of the US
==================================================
A Scientific Dictionary, for your convenience may be found at the following link:
Part III
One last point before I go on to the next part where I will address the political part of this article:
We know that Uranium comes in various Isotopes, and we also know that out of all the isotopes, it is the Uranium – 235 isotope which is required in high quantities in any Uranium Fuel, because of its High degree of entering into fission as compared to all the other Isotopes.
The more abundant Uranium – 238 does not enter into Fission because of the internal structure of its Atomic nucleus.
Of course, there is a difference between the purity of the Uranium Fuel and its Uranium – 235 concentration when applied to the Atomic Weapon versus The Atomic Pile. In the Weapon it, quite naturally must be at a higher percentage because a spontaneous fission reaction must occur much faster than a non-spontaneous controlled one. And, in fact, in the Atomic Pile (Power Plant) a lower grade of fuel with a less percentage of 235 is preferable since it is easier to control it into a sustained reaction.
Thus far we have learned how the Nuclear Power Plant operates as well as the workings of the basic Atomic Weapon (a crude one, but nonetheless, this is how they all work, except the Thermonuclear Weapon which is an even simpler process, but irrelevant to this discussion). We have also been shown the types of by-products that are created during the Fission Process, in both of these mechanisms, and have discussed the differences in the products that are produced in them. And now, finally, knowing what these by-products are we can show why the US claims of Iran’s nuclear ambitions are wrong; that the United States Government is not worried about Iran building a nuclear weapon, but what they are worried about is Iran becoming an even stronger energy rich nation, which will solidify Iran as the central power-broker in the Middle East. For, Iran already is the 4th richest nation in proven world petroleum supplies, and along with Russia
With all this information let us do a bit of logical reasoning step-wise to see just what the Iranians are up to.
- Iran is busy developing ways to purify Uranium (for as we already know Uranium comes in various isotopes, Uranium – 233; Uranium – 234; Uranium – 235; Uranium – 238; and Uranium – 239, along with some others which are very low in frequency and thus not significant to technology) to create fuel for their soon to come Nuclear Power Plants.
- Out of all the Isotopes it is the Uranium – 235 which is the most fissionable, and therefore must be present in a high percentage in comparison to all other isotopes within the Uranium fuel, for the fuel to be useful.
- Iran, according to the United States and the UN security council members is building enough centrifuges to purify Uranium into a high-235 grade fuel mixture, which depending on its purity, in accordance with the formulas above could be used either for a Nuclear Pile (lower grade fuel), or a Nuclear Weapon (very high grade fuel ultra-rich in 235).
Iran - The
United States as well as many member nations of the UN Security Council is opposed toIran
These 5 points show that Iran United States
For the Nuclear Power Plant (Pile) the fuel can be more mixed with the Uranium – 238, and in fact it is preferred for two reasons:
- The less pure fuel will help in slowing down the chain reaction, and therefore assist the control rods that are used to control the “burning of the fuel.” In this manner, less control rods are needed to stop the Atomic Plant (Pile) from melting down.
- One of the by-products of the Fission of impregnating Uranium – 238 (for 238 will never go into fission due to its internal structure) is Plutonium – 241, which as we established in formulas above, is a Nuclear Fission Fuel itself, and in fact one which is preferable to Uranium – 235 [when it comes to Nuclear Weaponry (and not necessarily in Nuclear Piles, though it can be used in Nuclear piles with some difficult accommodations)].
0N1 + 92U238 à 92U238 à 93Np239 + e – + (Gamma Ray energy)
93Np239 à 94Pu239 + + e – + (Gamma Ray energy)
Sometimes (and this occurs a large number of times in the Nuclear power plant because of the abundance of Thermal Neutrons), the Plutonium – 239 captures two extra neutrons (through a process which is beyond the scope of this discussion), and thus is transformed into Plutonium – 241. And Plutonium – 241 is an excellent fuel for Nuclear Weapons.
So, now we know that Plutonium – 241 is produced in ALL Nuclear Power Plants. In fact, Plutonium – 241 is produced in large quantities, by nations which build Nuclear Weapons, by simply placing large amounts of Uranium – 238 inside the core of the Nuclear Pile. This Plutonium – 241 is later collected and transferred to military installations like the Los Alamos Nuclear Agency Grounds, where it is used to create the core of both Atomic (Nuclear and Hydrogen (Thermonuclear Weapons. (Thermonuclear Weapons, whose mechanism of operation will not be detailed here, are also very easily constructed, in the same manner as simple Atomic (Fission). They are made by simply surrounding a Nuclear Fission (Atomic) Bomb with a casing filled with Heavy Hydrogen (Deuterium, Tritium, etc); one reason why Nazi Germany was experimenting with “Heavy” Water, which is water made not with the ordinary Hydrogen atom, but with its two heavier isotopes, Hydrogen – 2 (Deuterium = D) and Hydrogen – 3 (Tritium = T).
With all this information, it now is very easy to logically show why the United States and others are lying in relation to Iran
- Plutonium – 241 as well as Uranium – 235 can both be used in a Fission (atomic) Weapon.
- Uranium comes in various isotopes, the most abundant of which is Uranium – 238 while the one, out of the remaining isotopes, Uranium – 235 ranks as second to last most abundant (It is very rare)
- Uranium- 235 being chemically exact to all the other isotopes of Uranium (239, 238, 233, and 234) cannot be separated from all these other isotopes chemically and must therefore be separated through other means.
- The only other means by which Uranium can be separated into its various isotopes is through the centrifuge. (Within the centrifuge, a large sample of uranium, containing all the isotopes of Uranium is spun and each isotope from the heaviest (239) to the lightest (233) line themselves up starting from the middle of the circular surface inside the centrifuge to its outer edge. Uranium – 235 will be the third sample from the middle after Uranium 239 and 238.
- Several nearly pure (99.999%) pounds are required to construct a Fission (Atomic) Bomb.
- Plutonium – 241 is an excellent substance to fuel Nuclear Weapons, but as a Nuclear Fuel in Nuclear Reactors is used very rarely (due to its corrosive properties as well as the difficulty in controlling and sustaining it [metals which must be used as control rods are corroded very easily in the presence of Plutonium – 241])
- Plutonium -241 is a by-product of Uranium – n238 Fission, and therefore is also a natural by-product in any Nuclear Reactor.
- Plutonium – 241 can be produced in mass quantities by placing Uranium – 238 within the core of a Fission Reactor. In fact tons and tons of it can be produced in this manner.
- The
United States
Knowing all this information we can draw the following conclusions.
The United States is willing to let Iran operate a nuclear power plant which we know from above reasoning of being capable of producing Plutonium – 241 as a natural by-product, yet, it will not allow Iran to purify its own fuel.
Now, …, if the United States is so afraid of Iran having ambitions of building a nuclear weapon, why would they allow them to operate a Nuclear power plant, no matter who provides the nuclear fuel? Even if the US, Russia , or any one else outside of Iran
The answer is simple: No, the United States , any of their allies, as well as the members of the UN Security Council are not afraid of Iran Iran Iran would become the King of the Middle East .
Iran insists on purifying its own fuel, because it does not want any one else to dictate how much energy it is allowed to produce. In addition, Iran
Finally, a world leader, which is one of Iran
And thus, folks, here are your real reasons why the US is afraid of Iran
No comments:
Post a Comment